Original Source: Jeremy Hance for Mongabay.com
It’s not easy to find a single word to describe witnessing hundreds of thousands of flamingos filling up a shallow lake in the Great Rift Valley
of East Africa. ‘Spectacle’ comes to mind, but even this is not wholly
accurate for the surreal pink crowd. However one describes it, this
biological wonder may be under threat as Tanzania plans to mine in a
flamingo breeding ground that is not only regionally important, but
globally.
Astoundingly, over half of the world’s lesser flamingos (between 65-75%) are born in a single lake in northern Tanzania: Lake Natron.
This shallow salt lake provides the optimal habitat for flamingos and
their chicks as the caustic environment keeps mammal predators at bay.
But conservationists worry that plans to mine soda ash – also known as
sodium carbonate, which is used in making glass, chemicals, and
detergents – would disrupt the sensitive birds’ breeding grounds,
threatening the species and putting a damper on East Africa’s tourism
industry.
Tanzanian
President Jakaya Kikwete recently resurrected the plan to mine in Lake
Natron after it was abandoned in 2008 due to concerns from Tanzania’s
National Environmental Management Council that mining would impact the
birds’ breeding success. ”There is no need for further delay,” Kikwete
said, “because experience shows that the excavation can continue without
any disturbance to the ecosystem there, environmental activists want
people to believe that the move will wipe out the flamingo population,
which is not true.”
But
Tanzania isn’t planning on simply re-considering the US$450 million
mine, which would be constructed by Indian company Tata Chemicals, they
want its approval ‘fast-tracked’. In fact, the East African
reports that Tanzania’s Minister for Industry and Trade, Cyril Chami,
has recently stated that even if a current Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) finds against construction of a soda ash factory, the
government will build it anyway.
To
protect the flamingos, Kikwete has promised the factory will not be
built on the lake itself, but 70 kilometers away. Soda ash would then be
moved from the lake to the factory via pipelines, which the president
assures would save flamingos from disturbance. However, conservationists
are skeptical. ”The disruption on the surface of the lake by workers
and pipes will prevent most of the breeding and reduce the success
rate,” Neil Baker told mongabay.com. Having lived in Tanzanian for 30
years, Baker is the author of Important Bird Areas in Tanzania.
According
to Baker, the sensitive lesser flamingo “depends on successful
large-scale breeding events at Lake Natron to augment the population,”
making the lake the “only significant” breeding site for these birds in
East Africa and the most important in the world. On average good
breeding events happen every five years or so.
Matt Aeberhard, director of Disney Nature’s film The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos
which is set at Lake Natron, told mongabay.com that even when a year
goes by without a big breeding event, Lake Natron still provides
important habitat for “significant” small breeding events.
Although
numbering around two million, the lesser flamingo has been classified
as near threatened by the IUCN Red List, because it has seen ‘moderately
rapid reductions’ in its population. ”It is most probably already in
decline due to large-scale die offs and a series of poor breeding
seasons,” says Baker. “But, and this is important, we do not know as no
one counts these birds on a regular basis. ”
And
this is the crux of the problem for conservationists: researchers
suspect mining activities would critically disrupt breeding, but lack
the research necessary to know for certain. While the forthcoming EIA
may shed some light on the issue, the government has already signaled
the mine will go ahead no matter the study’s findings.
What
really keeps ornithologists up at night regarding mining at Lake Natron
is water. Aeberhard says flamingos will not breed at Lake Natron if the
natural water cycle is upset. The birds breed either in shallow waters
during the dry season or following a heavy rain in the wet season. The
level of water has to be balanced: too much and the mud flats on which
the flamingos nest are flooded, too little and the surface become
desiccated. Once fledged, chicks will perish if they don’t have quick
access to water. “Any large scale
mining at Natron that might disturb the natural hydrological balance at
the lake is likely to cause issues, particularly if it involves
extraction of large amounts of water from the lake,” explains Aeberhard,
adding that “it could also be argued that mining might actually
increase breeding opportunities too, because it is possible that mining
could create greater amounts of wet soda area than what might occur
naturally in any given year.”
Given
the dearth of studies on Lake Nation, scientists simply don’t know how
the birds will react. ”Clearly there can be no ‘wise use’ of a
‘resource’ without knowledge, and we still have no knowledge of Lake
Natron and the flamingos from serious time based studies conducted by
professional ornithologists and scientists at the lake over a number of
years,” says Aeberhard. One thing that is clear is that soda ash mining
is incredibly water intensive. If the water needed to process the
minerals is taken from the lake’s wetlands, and not shipped in, it could
devastate the ecosystem.
However,
President Kikwete, who has set a goal of nearly doubling Tanzania’s
industrial sector by 2025, says it’s in the country’s best interests to
mine the lake. ”What matters here is the application of sophisticated
technology which is not harmful to flamingo’s breeding. At times I
wonder whether those who are opposing this move are really patriotic,
because it seems as if they are agents of some people we don’t know,”
President Kikwete said, who commonly paints those who oppose his plans
as unpatriotic or meddling foreigners.
Kikwete
argues that Tanzania may go ahead without fear at Lake Natron, because
Kenya to the north is already mining soda ash at another shallow salt
lake, Lake Magadi, that is still frequented by flamingos. But there are significant differences between Magadi and Natron.
“There
are no major rivers (so no mud) flowing in to Lake Magadi, the brine is
of a higher quality than at Natron and easier to mine,” explains Baker.
Sodium carbonate is also plentiful at Lake Magadi. “At current
extraction rates there are still thousands of years of resource
remaining.” But, while flamingos can often be found feeding in Lake
Magadi, they almost never breed there.
“Within
human memory flamingoes have only bred once at Lake Magadi,” says
Baker, “in early 1963 they were forced to abandon lake Natron due to
flooding and in desperation moved north to Magadi. [The lake] is not
isolated enough from mammalian predators and suffers from far too much
human disturbance to be a suitable site for these flamingos.” For
flamingos Lake Natron is the breeding ground, while Magadi and a series
of other lakes in the Great Rift Valley are used primarily for feeding.
Disruptions at Magadi is not likely to decimate the flamingo population,
whereas Lake Natron is another story.
“We
cannot continue to mourn about our country being poor while our
minerals are lying untapped,” Kikwete argues. The mine is seen as a way
for Kikwete to make progress on promises of jobs and economic growth.
But conservationists argue that such mining should not be rushed and, if
nothing else, more research is needed to shed light on concerns. Other
economic development projects could also be explored.
“[It]
surprises me that the Tanzanian government hasn’t acknowledged the
potential for exploring bio-technology at the lake (unique salt loving
bacteria etc.),” says Aeberhard. “Particularly when the potential for
high-tech industry to eliminate poverty in a country might be considered
greater than [mining].”
At
stake here is more than just flamingos: tourism throughout East Africa
would be injured if the bird vanishes; Tanzania’s international
reputation threatens to take a hit, especially with Lake Natron being
dubbed an International Ramsar Wetland; and mining could imperil a
number of other bird populations that make the wetlands surrounding Lake
Natron their home. In addition, there are the local people who have
largely been left out of the debate.
“Obviously
it is the Tanzanian government’s prerogative to decide on the fate of
Lake Natron,” says Aeberhard, “[but] clearly a ‘fast track’ development
of Lake Natron cannot be in the best interest of Tanzania, and it
certainly cannot be in the best interest of the lake and the cultural
traditions of its people (the Maasai of Natron) who will have this
development forced upon them without having any say in its form or
development.”
Mining
at Lake Natron is only one issue that has both local and international
conservationists concerned about recent Tanzanian policies. Retracting
an application for UNESCO Heritage site status from the Eastern Arc
Mountains and building a new port over a marine park at Mwambani Bay
have also raised hackles. But the most controversial and most widely
reported of them all is Tanzania’s plan to build a road through the
northern Serengeti, which researchers say would in time cripple the
world’s largest remaining land migration. The other concerns, including
mining at Lake Natron, have largely gone under the radar due to the
fight over the Serengeti.
Perhaps
the Tanzanian government should be given the benefit of the doubt:
maybe government officials are right in assuming that if all precautions
are taken they can mine at Lake Natron without disturbing the
flamingos. However, if they are wrong, and some say that scenario is
more likely, then the surreal spectacle of hundreds of thousands of pink
birds filling the lakes of the Great Rift Valley could for our great
grand children seem as remote and lost as the idea of a million
passenger pigeons blotting out the sun.